The map shows where settlement or parish place-names which are of Scandinavian language origin are mainly found. In some cases, the entire name is Scandinavian, in others it is a hybrid - part English, part Scandinavian. Some names are the result of Scandinavian re-naming of English settlements, making them easier for speakers of Old Norse to pronounce (for instance, Shipton became Skipton. Cheswick became Keswick). Common Scandinavian elements in place-names are: -by, -thorp, -trop, or -thorpe, -toft, -tofts, -thwait or -thwaite, -holm or -holme, and ness.   MAP OF SCANDINAVIA